The idea of using water-in-Diesel (W/D) emulsion in recent studies as fuel for diesel engines is to reduce the emissions. The introduction of water into a diesel engine using W/D emulsion has a number of potential benefits and can be used as an alternative fuel. One of important factors to use this fuel was the distribution of water droplets in emulsion and emulsifier stability. In the present work, the effect of emulsifier dosage (water in diesel ratio) and heating of W/D emulsion on the stability period with using Optical technique was investigated. Five samples of W/D emulsion at different emulsifier dosages (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) water content were studied, whereas the heating of emulsions was carried out for 40oC, 60oC, and 80oC. The results obtained from the current work manifested that an increase in water dosage to W/D emulsion had bad effects on the stability period, also, the increase in heating temperature for W/D emulsion revealed a negative effect on the emulsion stability.

Abstract: NiO columnar nanostructure was prepared using the thermal evaporation technique with oblique angle deposition (OAD). The morphological, structural, and Optical properties change with the creation of the substrate inclination. NiO columnar nanostructure was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The strain values ε obtained exhibit that the strain becomes tensile (ε>0) for (2 0 0) and (2 2 2) planes. Conversely, the strain returns to a compressive state (ε<0) for (1 1 1) and (2 2 0) planes. The average tensile strain in NiO columnar nanostructure is obtained at 1.4% while the average compressive strain is obtained at 2.04%. The value of the Optical bandgap of the NiO columnar nanostructure is obtained at about 4.06 eV. The refractive index showed two absorption bands around the wavelengths of 520 nm and 700 nm with values of 2.19 and 2.22, respectively. Then, the refractive index increased from 2.22 at 700 nm to 2.35 at 920 nm and remained almost constant over 920 nm.

Flow measurement underwater oil leak is a challenging problem, due to the complex nature of flow dynamics. Oil jet flow associated with a multi-scale coherent structure in both space and time direction. Optical plume velocimetry (OPV) was developed by (Crone, McDuff, and Wilcock, 2008), and it was the most accurate technique that used for oil leak flow measurement. Despite its better estimation, the OPV measured the oil flow rate with high uncertainty of 21%. This is due to the multi-scale phenomena of oil flow, as well as the limited accuracy of direct cross correlation (DCC) typically used by OPV. This paper proposed a novel technique that considers the multi-scale property of turbulence in flow measurement. The proposed technique is based on continuous wavelet transform and estimates the flow using the following steps: Decomposition of turbulent flow signal by using continuous wavelet transform (CWT), correlation coefficient estimation in which Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm was used, interpolation and peak detection for the estimated correlation coefficients, and finally, the velocity field estimation. In order to validate the CWT-based technique, a turbulent buoyant jet, which has a similar flow-type of oil jet was experimentally simulated. Then, the CWT-based technique was applied to measure the jet flow, and the outcomes of the technique was compared to the experimental results. As a result, utilizing a smaller number of wavelet scales lead in better flow measurement as compared to the use of larger scales. CWT-based technique was accurately estimated the jet flow rate with standard error of 0. 15 m/s, and outperformed the classical algorithms, including FFT, and DCC algorithms, which were measured with error of 3. 65 m/s and 4. 53 m/s respectively.

Objective: In this paper we have investigated the attachment and spreading kinetics of human embryonal carcinoma stem cells (TERA2.sp12) onto planar Si (Ti) O2 waveguides equipped with grating couples, and covered with poly-L-lysine (PLL), mucin acting as substrata for the cells. Analysis of the incoupling peak centre and width allows us to separate surface-molecular and bulk-cell effects of the three substrata investigated. The most extensive spreading is observed on PLL, coating with mucin completely inhibits cell spreading. We have also demonstrated the utility of OWLS for the quantitative label-free investigation of stem cell attachment and spreading.Materials and Methods: Cell culture & biochemicals Human EC cell lines, TERA2, were generously provided by S. Przyborski, Durham University, UK. Pharmaceutical grade porcine gastric mucin (PGM) was purchased from A/S Orthana Kemisk Fabrik, Kastrup, Denmark. The commercial mucin preparation with a mean molecular weight estimated as 565 kDa was dialysed to remove all salts and low molecular weight additives and lyophilized for storage. Substratum modification Waveguides were cleaned at room temperature with chromic acid (Fisher Scientific, U.K.) or under sonication in Colas Integra (Roche) cleaning solution or SDS/Colas Integra solution for 10 minutes, extensively rinsed using Elga ultrapure water (resistance 18.2 Mohm cm, filtered through 200 nm pores) and O2-plasma treated (20mW for 2 min). The PLL (0.01% solution; Sigma) and mucin (0.1% w/w) stock solution were made up by dissolving weighted dry material in ultra pure water this is sufficient to coat the waveguides and pre-equilibrated overnight. Solutions were applied to the waveguides for 20 minutes, washed twice with ultrapure water and incubated for at least 40 minutes in cell culture media (DMEM; high glucose (4500mg/L); pyridoxine HCl; NaHCO3; without Lglutamine) (Sigma) at 37 oC, 5% CO2 environment. Cell attachment Cells were detached from the culture flask using 0.05% trypsin/EDTA and collected using centrifugation (1500 rpm for 3 minutes). Cells were counted by eye using a hemocytometer, with the number of cells and surface coverage (60-70%) confirmed using phase contrast microscopy inspection of the waveguide after the experiments. Optical waveguide light mode spectroscopy Waveguides were made from amorphous silicatitania at a ratio of approximately 2:1 and incorporated a shallow (5-10 nm) grating coupler (type 2400, grating constant equal to 416.667 nm). The incoupling resonance peaks for the TM0 mode of the waveguides were measured every 40 seconds and saved for subsequent analysis.Results: The peak position is influenced by the presence of the cells in close contact with the substrata, their shape, and any protein exudates from the cells, which are deposited on the substratum. The two effects can be separated by considering simultaneously the surface coverage of the cells influencing the shape of the peaks. As explained above the appearance of a maximum in the plot of the overall width against cell development magnifies 50% cell coverage. The actual magnitude of the peak width depends on the Optical contrast between the uncovered and cell covered areas. The larger the cells, or the more tightly they are bound, the larger the contrast. We can exclude the first possibility since the cell numbers were identical. Therefore we infer that the cell bind about 4 times more strongly to the PLL than to the silica-titania. Finally we turn to mucin. Although there is a modest peak position shift, there is a total absence of peak broadening – implying no spreading (corroborated by the Optical micrographs. Therefore these type of stem cells most probably just exclude.Conclusion: Simultaneous measurement of incoupling peak position and width allowed us to get more detailed information about the surface behavior of living stem cells then previously demonstrated using only peak position data. We found that mucin totally inhibits the spreading of human embryonal carcinoma (TERA2) stem cells when compared with uncoated silica-titania, but the cells still register some physiological activity, while on the PLL surface cell spreading dominated the Optical signals.

In this research work, Cadmium Sulphide thin film deposited on to glass substrate in a non-aqueous medium at 80 °C. The various physical preparative parameters and the deposition conditions, such as the deposition time and temperature, concentrations of the chemical species, pH, speed of mechanical stirring, etc., were optimized to yield good quality films. The as-prepared sample is tightly adherent to the substrate's support, less smooth, diffusely reflecting and was analyzed for composition. The synthesized film is characterized using X- ray diffraction (XRD), electrical and Optical properties. It appears that the composites are rich in Cd. The grown CdS thin film had an orange-red color. A band gap of CdS thin film is 2.41 eV.  The average crystallite size of the CdS film was 21.50 nm. The resistivity of the CdS thin film is about 5.212 x 105 W cm.

Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) is an indirect measurement technique. Therefore, calibration curves are generally used to estimate the depths of the defects from the measured MFL signals. This has been shown to give good results on varying degrees of the single defects. However due to the interaction between the leakage fluxes, nearby pittings can-not be discriminated and properly assessed using the conventional MFL technique. In order to ensure reliable measurement for this case, the MFL technique is combined with the Optical inspection technique. The main contributions of this study are to develop a new calibration method based on the defect depth, defect area as well as the amplitude of the corresponding MFL signal and propose a novel combined approach for detection and identification of the nearby pittings. MFL and Optical inspection techniques are applied to a test specimen containing the nearby pittings. The results obtained from the experimental tests demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.